Heat, energy, transformations, are all ways that thermodynamics is tied into society. Have you ever touched a piece of metal and a piece of wood in the same room? You noticed that the metal felt cooler than the wood, yet are they the same temperature? That is an example of thermodynamics. When your hand touches the metal, your hand releases heat through conductivity, or the ability to conduct heat or energy. When your hand touches the metal, it releases more heat than when your hand touches the wood. Even though the metal feels cooler, they are the same temperature. The concept of thermodynamics came into place when steam engines were becoming popular during the Industrial Revolution, as in why does coal and petroleum products heat at a much quicker rate than water? People do not realize that we use thermodynamics every day in our lives. When you turn on your shower water from cold to hot, starting your car, cooking, writing, walking, movement, etc. are all part of thermodynamics. The energy that is used to move my eyes, turn on a lightbulb, or blink, is all a type of energy known as kinetic energy. Thermodynamics can be a bit tricky, and sometimes quite confusing at first, so use some "work" and get yourself a cup of coffee or tea and lets gather some joules.
The history
In 1824, thermodynamics was first developed to improve the steam engines of their times by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot. He thought that engine efficiency would be France’s ally to gain victory in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1854, Lord Kelvin from Scotland was the first to come with an exact and appropriate definition of thermodynamics. As he said, it was defined as the transformation of energy from one form to another. The main purpose was to create engines, which were devices needed in order to transform energy into work. It is mostly done through mechanical work. It mainly focuses in temperature like absolute zero, volume and pressure. Thermodynamics has various laws including zeroth, first, second, third and entropy.
Zeroth Law
The Zeroth law states that, "If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a th
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ird, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other." Thermal equilibrium is proportional to the thermodynamic system. 2
Absolute Zero
Temperature is a physical quantity which gives us an idea of how hot or cold an object is.The temperature of an object depends on how fast the atoms which make up the object can shake or oscillate. Absolute Zero Temperature is a physical quantity which gives us an idea of how hot or cold an object is.As an object is cooled, the oscillations of its atoms and molecules slow down. For example, as water cools, the slowing oscillations of the molecules allow the water to freeze into ice. In all materials, a point is eventually reached at which all oscillations are the slowest they can possibly be. The temperature which corresponds to this point is called absolute zero. Note that the oscillations never come to a complete stop, even at absolute zero. There are three temperature scales. Most people are familiar with either the Fahrenheit or the Celsius scales, with temperatures measured in degrees Fahrenheit (º F) or degrees Celsius (º C) respectively. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at a temperature of 32º Fahrenheit and boils at 212º F. Absolute zero on this scale is not at 0º Fahrenheit, but rather at -459º Fahrenheit. The Celsius scale sets the freezing point of water at 0º Celsius and the boiling point at 100º Celsius. On the Celsius scale, absolute zero corresponds to a temperature of -273º Celsius. Scientists - especially those who study what happens to things when they become very, very cold - commonly use the Kelvin scale, with temperatures measured in Kelvin (K). This scale uses the same temperature steps as the Celsius scale, but is shifted downward. On this scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K. Only on the Kelvin temperature scale does absolute zero actually fall at 0 K. 1
First Law
First law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created.It can only change forms. The first law declares that in athermodynamic cycle the net heat is proportional to the net work.Energy is not lost but conserved as stated in the conservation of energy.
Second Law
While the Second law states that when heat is transformed into mechanical energy, some heat is wasted. For example, not all the gasoline put in a vehicle makes it move. Some of that gasoline simply heats the vehicle's engine and prepares it to work. Only 3% of gasoline actually makes the vehicle move. How much heat is turned into work is known asthermal efficiency.The second law also mentions that heat travels from high temperatures to low temperatures. Just imagine when burning wood, the heat will slowly travel to the other end (the cooler one) and heat it up. Another part of is heat sink, which is when something absorbs heat from something else. It usually happens when a large object (more mass) absorbs heat from smaller object (less mass.) A good example is waterbeds. The body temperature travels to the cooler water. That is the reason why people feel relaxed, because they have lost body heat due to all the water. Another view on the Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the energy that can be used for work in the universe is decreasing over time. The second law is also known as entropy, but instead of the energy decreasing its constantly increasing. Entropy is the measurement of randomness of a system. Basically this means in a closed system the objects get more and more combined with each other. These combinations just do not undo automatically.4
Third Law
Third law exclaims temperature approaches a crystal to absolute zero, the entropy of a system gets closer to its minimum.This statement basically means as temperature gets closer to absolute zero, then the entropy is getting closer to its minimum.It states that it is impossible to have a system exactly at absolute zero. It was the discovery of Walther Nernst.
How is thermodynamics used?
There is mainly three classical, statistical and chemical. The laws can be applied in a variety of ways. Classical thermodynamics from the nineteenth deals with the study of heat with the collision and interaction of objects in large systems close to equilibrium. On the other hand statistical talks about the understanding how the laws and properties of thermodynamics are seen from a statistical analysis. The analysis is a collection of used in order to process a mass quantity of data and report the overall results. Chemical thermodynamics is the physical changes of state. Chemical thermodynamic use mathematical equations and laboratory work. This form of thermodynamics consist mostly of the first two laws of thermodynamics. From these two laws the fundamental equations of Gibbs were based on. This here is what makes the mathematical work. There is also mechanical thermodynamics and it deals of how work can be transformed into other aspects of energy.
Instruments
In order to measure thermodynamics, there exist two types of instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A meter belongs to a system of thermodynamics which illustrates the information to the one is measuring it. An advantage is that it can be controlled and is very little that it has no effect on the measured object. Now days, some of the most popular meters are the thermometer, barometer and calorimeter. The thermometer simply measures temperature. On the other hand, the barometer measures pressure. The barometer is created by linking an ideal gas to what is being measured, while is being segregated. Another meter, the calorimeter has the task of measuring it the heat energy that is combined to the system (object.) In simple words a calorimeter is just a thermometer joined to a system that was in thermal isolation. A second instrument used in thermodynamics is the reservoir.It is used to build a pressure around the liquids being tested. This specialized instrument would be a pressure resovoir. A resovoir is normally used to take the liquids and be able to test or study it. It is specialized to not disturb the state of the liquid. In conclusion thermodynamics is one type of science that focuses in energy and liquids. 3
Multimedia & Powerpoint
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Vocabulary
First Law of Thermodynamics: When heat is added, there is an equal amount of energy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: The direction of heat is always hot to cold
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: When two objects are equal, then a third object is also equal in temperature.
Entropy:The amount of work that a system cannot perform.
Enthalpy:The measurement of the heat going into a system.
Work: The amount of energy that it takes to move an object a certain distance.
Temperature: The amount of heat exerted from an object
J/kg K: The SI unit of heat
Equilibrium: Where all measurements of heat are equal within a system.
Adiabatic: A rapid change of volume so that heat has little time to escape.
Absolute Zero:The limit at which no more energy can be exerted and the temperature cannot be lowered.
Experiment
Purpose: To determine how are canned sodas affected when exposed cold. Intro: Thermodynamics is how to convert energy into heat and other aspects of energy. Procedure: In order to measure how liquids are affected by temperature we will measure how coldness affects canned sodas. First, we will fill up one cooler one with ice and one without ice then they will be filled with sodas. After eight hours, we will check to see if any sodas actually exploded. What sodas will explode those that had ice or the ones that did not? Materials: Two coolers, sodas, ice and a thermometer. Actual Procedure: 1. Filled up one cooler with five Pepsi's. This will be the control group. 2. Added no ice. 3. Left it over night. 4. Took the beginning temperature with the thermometer, which was O degrees. 5. After 5 hours, checked the temperature and it was still the same. Actual Procedure 2 with ice: 1. Filled up cooler with ice and filled up with five Pepsi's. 2. Checked the temperature every hour. 3. Kept filling it with ice. 4. After a couple hours the cokes started to cool. 5. The temperatures went up every hour.
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Table of Contents
How is thermodynamics used?
Heat, energy, transformations, are all ways that thermodynamics is tied into society. Have you ever touched a piece of metal and a piece of wood in the same room? You noticed that the metal felt cooler than the wood, yet are they the same temperature? That is an example of thermodynamics. When your hand touches the metal, your hand releases heat through conductivity, or the ability to conduct heat or energy. When your hand touches the metal, it releases more heat than when your hand touches the wood. Even though the metal feels cooler, they are the same temperature. The concept of thermodynamics came into place when steam engines were becoming popular during the Industrial Revolution, as in why does coal and petroleum products heat at a much quicker rate than water? People do not realize that we use thermodynamics every day in our lives. When you turn on your shower water from cold to hot, starting your car, cooking, writing, walking, movement, etc. are all part of thermodynamics. The energy that is used to move my eyes, turn on a lightbulb, or blink, is all a type of energy known as kinetic energy. Thermodynamics can be a bit tricky, and sometimes quite confusing at first, so use some "work" and get yourself a cup of coffee or tea and lets gather some joules.
The history
In 1824, thermodynamics was first developed to improve the steam engines of their times by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot. He thought that engine efficiency would be France’s ally to gain victory in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1854, Lord Kelvin from Scotland was the first to come with an exact and appropriate definition of thermodynamics. As he said, it was defined as the transformation of energy from one form to another. The main purpose was to create engines, which were devices needed in order to transform energy into work. It is mostly done through mechanical work. It mainly focuses in temperature like absolute zero, volume and pressure. Thermodynamics has various laws including zeroth, first, second, third and entropy.
Zeroth Law
The Zeroth law states that, "If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a th
Absolute Zero
First Law
First law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created.It can only change forms. The first law declares that in athermodynamic cycle the net heat is proportional to the net work.Energy is not lost but conserved as stated in the conservation of energy.
Second Law
While the Second law states that when heat is transformed into mechanical energy, some heat is wasted. For example, not all the gasoline put in a vehicle makes it move. Some of that gasoline simply heats the vehicle's engine and prepares it to work. Only 3% of gasoline actually makes the vehicle move. How much heat is turned into work is known asthermal efficiency.The second law also mentions that heat travels from high temperatures to low temperatures. Just imagine when burning wood, the heat will slowly travel to the other end (the cooler one) and heat it up. Another part of is heat sink, which is when something absorbs heat from something else. It usually happens when a large object (more mass) absorbs heat from smaller object (less mass.) A good example is waterbeds. The body temperature travels to the cooler water. That is the reason why people feel relaxed, because they have lost body heat due to all the water. Another view on the Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the energy that can be used for work in the universe is decreasing over time. The second law is also known as entropy, but instead of the energy decreasing its constantly increasing. Entropy is the measurement of randomness of a system. Basically this means in a closed system the objects get more and more combined with each other. These combinations just do not undo automatically.4
Third Law
Third law exclaims temperature approaches a crystal to absolute zero, the entropy of a system gets closer to its minimum.This statement basically means as temperature gets closer to absolute zero, then the entropy is getting closer to its minimum.It states that it is impossible to have a system exactly at absolute zero. It was the discovery of Walther Nernst.
How is thermodynamics used?
There is mainly three classical, statistical and chemical. The laws can be applied in a variety of ways. Classical thermodynamics from the nineteenth deals with the study of heat with the collision and interaction of objects in large systems close to equilibrium. On the other hand statistical talks about the understanding how the laws and properties of thermodynamics are seen from a statistical analysis. The analysis is a collection of used in order to process a mass quantity of data and report the overall results. Chemical thermodynamics is the physical changes of state. Chemical thermodynamic use mathematical equations and laboratory work. This form of thermodynamics consist mostly of the first two laws of thermodynamics. From these two laws the fundamental equations of Gibbs were based on. This here is what makes the mathematical work. There is also mechanical thermodynamics and it deals of how work can be transformed into other aspects of energy.
Instruments
In order to measure thermodynamics, there exist two types of instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A meter belongs to a system of thermodynamics which illustrates the information to the one is measuring it. An advantage is that it can be controlled and is very little that it has no effect on the measured object. Now days, some of the most popular meters are the thermometer, barometer and calorimeter. The thermometer simply measures temperature. On the other hand, the barometer measures pressure. The barometer is created by linking an ideal gas to what is being measured, while is being segregated. Another meter, the calorimeter has the task of measuring it the heat energy that is combined to the system (object.) In simple words a calorimeter is just a thermometer joined to a system that was in thermal isolation. A second instrument used in thermodynamics is the reservoir.It is used to build a pressure around the liquids being tested. This specialized instrument would be a pressure resovoir. A resovoir is normally used to take the liquids and be able to test or study it. It is specialized to not disturb the state of the liquid. In conclusion thermodynamics is one type of science that focuses in energy and liquids. 3
Multimedia & Powerpoint
Thanks to youtube.
Vocabulary
Experiment
Purpose:
To determine how are canned sodas affected when exposed cold.
Intro:
Thermodynamics is how to convert energy into heat and other aspects of energy.
Procedure:
In order to measure how liquids are affected by temperature we will measure how coldness affects canned sodas. First, we will fill up one cooler one with ice and one without ice then they will be filled with sodas. After eight hours, we will check to see if any sodas actually exploded. What sodas will explode those that had ice or the ones that did not?
Materials:
Two coolers, sodas, ice and a thermometer.
Actual Procedure:
1. Filled up one cooler with five Pepsi's. This will be the control group.
2. Added no ice.
3. Left it over night.
4. Took the beginning temperature with the thermometer, which was O degrees.
5. After 5 hours, checked the temperature and it was still the same.
Actual Procedure 2 with ice:
1. Filled up cooler with ice and filled up with five Pepsi's.
2. Checked the temperature every hour.
3. Kept filling it with ice.
4. After a couple hours the cokes started to cool.
5. The temperatures went up every hour.
References